Ethics of Education: History, Pedagogy and Critical Sociology

Independently from one another, three students applied for the same internship. They found it on the list supplied to students of the master's track Ethics of Education. The goal of the internship, which is a joint project of UNICEF and The Hague University of Applied Sciences, is to design and deliver a toolbox to assess the best interest of the child as laid down in the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child.

Annapoorna and Milena share how they experienced this internship. For Annapoorna Ananda Kumar (27, India) this project immediately seemed a perfect fit. She did a bachelor’s in law, and she desires to do something that connects law and education in some way. Milena Lauer (24, Germany) has a pedagogical background and some practical experience in that field. Although it was not what she planned, she decided to make use of the opportunity to try out research.

Only at the first meeting as a team in February, the students realized that they were not joining an existing team in a set research project. The three students were in that team. The project has four phases, and they were in phase one: start-up, research, analysis and putting the elements together. The end product will be a web-based toolbox for all contexts, not just for a specific group of children, but for basically everyone that has to make decisions for children. A toolbox that considers how to weigh different interests and focuses on ethical and moral models.

Attending a conference session of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child really kicked off the project. The Netherlands was one of the five countries that presented its reports. The interns joined the proceedings online for two days. They found it very inspiring to see on the inside how this branch of the UN works. Afterwards, they spoke with a UNICEF representative who sent them the Dutch report. Some 14 weeks later, the students presented the outcome of their work to UNICEF.

In those weeks, they worked on their research individually, discussed their findings as a team, and had weekly online meetings with their onsite supervisor, dr Laurence Guérin. The toolbox designed by the Netherlands’ Ombudsman for Children served as a starting point for their research.

A: ‘Although we could apply a lot of what we had learnt in the master’s courses before we started the internship, it was still quite scary because we had to start from scratch. No one knew what was already out there. We had to find out which countries did have toolboxes, and of course, language was a limitation, too. Therefore, we looked at the countries we spoke the language. Besides in English, we could look for toolboxes in Hindi, German and Greek. There was a period we were somewhat confused about how our research would turn out. In the first few months, even though dr Guérin would confirm we were on the right track, I had this thing lurking in the back of my mind. “We are creating something real here. Will our research work out?” It felt like a very responsible task.’

M: ‘Yes, it was kind of scary. We did not know how many toolboxes we would find, so we also looked for articles and papers on how to assess the best interest of the child and studied those. Doing the project was up and down, from very scary and feeling ‘I am inexperienced’ to actually presenting our work and feeling very proud that we found so many things. Looking back, I think we could have expressed our doubts earlier. Only a few weeks before the presentation I asked dr Guérín: “Do you really trust us to present to UNICEF? Are you sure what we did will be beneficial in any way?” She reassured us that everything we did would be an addition to the existing toolbox. She pointed out that what we did with the ethical models was not there at all. Therefore, when things became more practical, dr Guérín guided us a lot. She gave feedback on the presentation and commented on the documents. The first phase, doing the research was overwhelming and intense for us. The distance did not make it easier. With dr Guérín working in The Hague, meeting online was practical and it did work well. I think we could have been more resourceful in asking for help. Like setting up an extra meeting to discuss our worries, and be more open about our insecurities from the start. I will take that with me in future experiences.’

A: ‘I can relate to that very much. We could have looked for more options maybe to verify where our position was in terms of research. The stress was also good because it made us look harder and maybe we found more because of it. We have now built up the confidence that even if you initially are confused, you will figure out where you are in your research. And, once we started analyzing the toolboxes we found in different countries, and extracted elements to use in the new toolbox, it became so interesting! I knew there is a gap between policies and laws, and how laws are implemented. Well, what we did in this internship is about bridging that gap. We worked at the middle point, where you make laws more feasible for professionals that have to make use of those laws. To provide professionals like teachers, educators, and social workers an easier understanding of how to apply the law in the best way possible, because they might not know how to do that. This was a very good insight for me.’

M: ‘I think I have a better understanding of the everyday practice of research. Research is a task you grow into, not something you are expected to know right away. I learnt that, when starting, researchers do not always have a clear idea of what to do. They try to find something out and research requires a lot of teamwork. You have to address things, again and again, just have a go and think about it.’

A: ‘Yes, working individually and as a team was also a great experience. Coming from different countries and having different educational backgrounds, we learnt so much from each other. Each of us analyzed the first two tools and found that from different perspectives we noticed and addressed different things. As a team, you learn things together.’

M: ‘I found that the more practical the work became, the more fun I had. In this first phase of the project, we did the research, and the analysis and then we looked a little bit into the next phase, which is designing. I had so much fun with graphic design and skilled myself in making something that is in your head visible to others. The best part of the project for me was the final presentation and knowing that at that moment, you are the expert. In university, you feel that the professor is probably still the expert; they have done it so many times and probably heard it all before. However, with this presentation, we were the experts. Getting questions and critical comments from UNICEF was such a nice experience. This is not something you are graded on, it is a completely different quality of work, I think. I learnt how to turn research into a practical thing. That translation for me was new.’

A: ‘This project showed me another option of how to combine education and law. This bridging of the gap, I spoke of earlier. I eventually want to go back to India. This experience gave me a new foundation to go further in things I have been involved in in the past, like the implementation of education policy and working on holistic education.’

M: ‘I am a little bummed that the project is over for us now. We will have a meeting with our university supervisor who assesses our reports. The next cohort of students will go on with the toolbox. They will work with software designers, make the website, and try it out with teachers. Then research and the actual practice will be connected even more. I think that is going to be very interesting. Even though I found the practical part more fun, I do not regret doing the research part. I found it very interesting and learnt a lot about my research abilities. I can see myself doing some more research, but not forever. After gaining some practical experience in education, I think I would like to teach at a university and combine practical knowledge with research and teaching.

My name is Rosa María Guttiérez. I am Mexican and I am 20 years old. I am following the master's track 'Ethics of Education: Philosophy, History and Law'. Before starting this programme, I gained a Bachelor's degree in Pedagogy in Mexico City. Before studying Pedagogy, I started a programme in International Relations and Political Science, but I didn't finish it. I was looking for a master's programme that would enable me to combine my interest in politics with my background in education.

I compared programmes offered in Amsterdam, Utrecht and Nijmegen with the programme in Groningen, and the latter appealed to me most. The name of the programme indicates that it involves philosophy, which interests me, and I also didn’t want to go to a very big city. Mexico City is huge, and I was looking for a different lifestyle.

I really like Groningen. It’s very nice. Because it is not a big city, everything is within cycling distance. It is a real student city, with a young and interesting population. There is a lot of art and there are different festivals. It’s also very international.

Ethics of Education has helped me to understand what happens behind the scenes before decisions are made in the education field. We still have to find a way of giving voice to all the children we are trying to help or provide for. In this programme, you follow course units in the first semester. In the second semester you complete a placement and write your thesis. I am currently doing a placement at SLO, the Netherlands Institute for Curriculum Development. Some course units focus on the legal background. I really like the course unit ‘Citizenship of Education’, which looks at how education influences our democratic societies and how or why education should be responsible or not.

Before I started this master's degree programme, I followed the Bachelor in Pedagogical Sciences, as well as the primary school teacher training. In those programmes, I ran into a lot of 'why' questions, which were not addressed. Then I heard about the master's programme Ethics of Education. In this programme, my questions are answered.

What is the programme about? I would say that the focus is on the position of the child and the parties involved in the child’s care. Course units include Citizenship and Professionalization, which includes an analysis of past trends.

You follow these courses units in the first semester. In the second semester, you complete a work placement and write your thesis. I am currently on a placement at SLO, the National Centre for Expertise on Curriculum Development. Now I’m contributing to a book on curriculum development in Europe. I am very proud of that.

The atmosphere at the programme is very good. It’s a small programme and I like that. You get to know each other quickly because you have a lot of discussions. The contact with the lecturers is also very nice. They all know you by name, really soon. I think the lecturers appreciate the atmosphere too: teaching a class that actually responds. That’s a change form delivering standard lectures for 400 people.

I follow this master’s degree programme because I am interested in children. The child is at the heart of the programme. Every discussion is about the child. Within that framework, you can pursue your own interests. You are surrounded by people who have the same interests. The academic supervision is good, with frequent consultations and a lot of direct feedback. I really like it!

Jan Jaap Zijlstra, 24 years old.

My name is Denise Mensonides. I am 23 years old and I am currently a PhD student at the Centre for Media and Journalism Studies of the University of Groningen. My academic career began in 2015, when I enrolled in the Bachelor's degree programme in Law (specializing in IT law).

When I was in the final stage of my Bachelor's programme, I decided to broaden my horizons and to sign up for the Master's degree programme in Ethics of Education. This degree programme appealed to me because I am interested in social issues related to children. During my Bachelor's programme, I became very interested in family law, for example, and I studied sociology in my Honours Programme. The Master's degree programme was perfectly suited to my interests.

During the programme, I learned a great deal about various ethical issues in society and existing theories on these issues, and I was encouraged to critically consider everyday matters. I also discovered and further developed my passion for research and during my internship, I was given the opportunity to develop an ethical options model focused on religious issues related to the placement of foster children. I was able to use my legal background in this situation to establish a legal framework, after which I conducted a literature review focused on ethical theories regarding the wellbeing of children. I developed an ethical options model based on those two documents. I learned a great deal during this process and I only became more passionate about scientific research.

The topic of my Master’s thesis was children of parents with psychological problems (KOPP: kinderen van ouders met psychische problemen). As part of my research, I worked closely with various hands-on experts who confided in me and told me their personal stories. I wrote my thesis based on these personal histories and included recommendations on proper guidance for KOPP.

After obtaining my Master’s degree, I was given the opportunity to continue with a PhD programme. I am currently conducting research into the development of digital literacy among children aged 8 to 12 from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds. I benefit every day from the expertise gained during my Master’s degree programme.

I think the Ethics of Education degree programme is ideally suited to curious people with an interest in societal issues related to education and child-rearing. The Master’s degree programme gives students the opportunity to develop their critical research skills.

Since September 2017, I have worked as preschool and early childhood education (VVE) coordinator for six child daycare centres in Haarlem, where I manage and coach about twenty pedagogical staff members. Between my graduation and my current job, I gained experience as manager in an institute for homework support.

When studying Pedagogics in Groningen, I learnt a lot about child development and the factors influencing it. My graduation project focused on child daycare. It was my goal to become a pedagogue in child daycare, and my graduation project turned out to be instrumental in achieving this. I also apply the theoretical knowledge that I acquired in other course units to my job. At the same time, gaining practical experience really only begins once you start working.

I noticed that the main benefit of the degree programme is its ‘meta’ approach; it teaches you to look critically and to do research; which questions should you ask to obtain the answers that you are looking for. Certain knowledge can sometimes also be used in unexpected ways. Statistical knowledge, for instance, helps provide more insight into turnover and staffing and enrolment figures.