What is the challenge?
The Netherlands is a prosperous country with an important role in the agricultural sector, producing high-quality food at low prices. Dutch agriculture is one of the world's largest dairy producers, with export earnings exceeding EUR 100 billion for the first time in 2021, mainly due to rising prices and volumes. These achievements are due to economies of scale, efficiency, growth, mechanisation and improved knowledge of food and agricultural production processes.
Despite the success of the Dutch agricultural sector, the current system is at the limits of growth. The system is no longer sustainable due to increasing social costs. Intensive agriculture has led to rapidly declining biodiversity and nature in the Netherlands. Current nature policy has proven insufficiently effective, resulting in declining numbers of animals, plants and fungi. Also, Dutch water does not meet European standards and this may lead to new crises, similar to the nitrogen problem.
Internationally, the Dutch agricultural sector is criticised. Both the European Commission and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have criticised Dutch agricultural policy. The size of the Dutch livestock population is seen as a major factor contributing to environmental, biodiversity and climate problems. In addition, current production methods pose health risks to farmers and citizens.
Why sustainable agriculture?
The goal of sustainable agriculture is to create a sustainable food and ecosystem, good for people, animals, landscape and environment. For example, by sowing herb-rich field edges and grasslands, grazing for cows, soil improvement through crop rotation, and nature-oriented mowing.
Sustainable agriculture has always been evolving and has taken off with various methods including organic, nature-inclusive, biodynamic, circular, regenerative, community, sustainable, agro-economic and vegan agriculture. These innovations are alternatives to conventional farming methods and intend to balance nature and healthy food production with stable business models.
Existing reports indicate that sustainable agriculture has similar yields to conventional agriculture. Sustainable agriculture uses less energy and produces fewer greenhouse gases, develops better soil quality (partly because the soil contains more organic matter and therefore suffers less erosion), uses little or no artificial fertilisers, herbicides and insecticides (and therefore has less pollution to ground and surface water) and recycles more nitrogen and phosphorus than conventional farms. The food produced by sustainable agriculture contains little or no chemical pesticide residues.